Ovarian cysts and infertility:
Because ovarian cysts are commonly found in young women, many infertile women will also be noted to have ovarian cysts . These are often detected on routine ultrasound scans, and cause considerable confusion and anxiety in the minds of patients.
An ovarian cyst is just a fluid-filled sac in the ovary. They can vary in size and contain liquid that is thin and watery, or thicker and paste-like. Cysts are very common in the ovary as a result of the ovulation cycle. Even normally, the follicle ( in which the egg grows) contains fluid. If the follicle doesn’t rupture at the time of ovulation ( when the egg is released) , the follicle gets bigger as it swells with fluid. This follicular cyst is also called a functional cyst, because it is a result of ovarian function. The other type of functional cyst is a corpus luteum cyst which develops when the corpus luteum fills with fluid or blood.When bleeding occurs within a functional cyst, this is called a hemorrhagic cyst.
Many women with endometriosis also have ovarian cysts. These are called chocolate cysts, because of the colour of their contents ( old dark blood). Cysts are also found in women with PCOD.
Occasionally a dermoid cyst or a may develop (sometimes called a benign mature cystic teratoma). This type of cyst can contain a range of tissues, such as hair, skin or teeth, because it forms from cells that make eggs in the ovaries. Dermoid cysts are more common in younger women and may need to be surgically removed.
A cystadenoma is a cyst that develops from the cells that cover the outer part of the ovary. There are different types – some are filled with a watery liquid ( serous cystadenoma) , and others with a thicker, mucous substance ( mucinous cystadenoma) . They’re not normally cancerous, but may need to be surgically removed.
Most ovarian cysts do not cause symptoms, and are usually first noted on ultrasound scanning. Partly because of the quality and resolution of the new ultrasound scanners, even small cysts ( which are of no clinical importance) are diagnosed and reported routinely. Many patients then start worrying about the effect of these cysts on their fertility. Unfortunately , sometimes instead of reassuring them, their doctors advise them to get these cysts removed. This often causes more harm than good !
Most cysts do not cause symptoms, and are best left alone. Occasionally, some cysts may cause irregular menstrual bleeding, if the cyst is hormonally active; or pelvic pain . While often the cyst is not the cause of the pain, once the patient knows she has a cyst, everytime she perceives pain, she feels it is the cyst which is causing it ! Cysts can cause pain only if:
· They are large and exert direct pressure on the ovaries and surrounding structures. This causes chronic pelvic fullness or a dull ache.
· Bleeding from a cyst into and around the ovary. This causes more intense, sharp pain.
In rare cases, an ovarian cyst may become twisted and cut off its own blood supply. It is called torsion This can cause severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and fever. This requires immediate medical attention. In other cases, the cyst may burst, causing sudden severe pain in the lower abdomen. The pain you feel depends on what the cyst contained, whether it is infected and whether there is any bleeding. This usually needs treatment in hospital as well.
The key tool for making a diagnosis of an ovarian cyst is an ultrasound scan. If the cyst is very large, an abdominal scan will need to be done to measure its size. Otherwise, the location and size of a cyst is best determined by a vaginal ultrasound scan. Ultrasound scanning allows us to assess the contents of the cyst; and cysts are classified into 3 types, depending upon their ultrasound appearance:
1. cystic . This is the commonest type. This cyst has a wall and contains only fluid.
2. solid. This type has multiple echoes within it, because it is full of solid tissue.
3. complex. This has a combination of both fluid and solid tissue within it. Many of these cysts have walls of tissue within them – these are called septae.
Simple cysts are usually functional cysts, and will resolve on their own. Complex cysts are more worrisome, and may need additional testing , including: MRI scanning; or a blood test to measure the level of CA-125. If there is a tumour, the level of this protein is usually higher than normal.
Treatment of Ovarian Cyst
Wait and See – This approach involves waiting a few months to see if the cyst goes away on its own. In some cases, observation may be all that’s necessary. This is common in pre-menopausal women who have a small, functional cyst. You’ll need to have another ultrasound scan after a month or so to check on the cyst, but most disappear after a few weeks without treatment.
Birth Control Pills – If you have a functional cyst, your doctor may prescribe birth control pills to help make it smaller. If you get ovarian cyst often, birth control pills decrease the chance of new ones forming.
A simple cyst can also be treated by vaginal ultrasound guided aspiration. This will allow the doctor to empty its fluid contents, and maybe useful as a temporizing and diagnostic measure.
Laparoscopic Surgery – Pelvic laparoscopy may be recommended to remove a cyst if it:
· Grows larger or reaches a size greater than 5 cm
· Has some solid material in it
· Causes persistent or worsening symptoms
· Lasts longer than two or three menstrual cycles
If the cyst is not cancerous, often just the cyst can be removed. However, in some cases, your whole ovary may need to be removed.
Most cysts can be removed with laparoscopic surgery by a skilled surgeon, irrespective of their size. ( No matter the size of the cyst, it can be decompressed laparoscopically, causing it to collapse, so that the cyst wall can be removed through a keyhole incision, saving the patient unnecessary major surgery. ) This is usually the preferred mode of treatment in infertile women, because it allows the doctor to save ( conserve) the normal ovarian tissue, thus preserving normal ovarian function.
Rarely, laparotomy ( open surgery) may be needed if the cyst is solid or complex; and if the doctor suspects a malignancy.
Ironically, in many infertile women, the major risk posed by ovarian cysts is not because of the cyst itself, but because of the overenthusiastic zeal of a misguided surgeon, who wants to remove the cyst. This is often much more dangerous, because many trigger-happy surgeons remove the entire ovary, thus compromising ovarian function; and because the surgery can result in scarring ( adhesions) which will then impair tubal function.
Showing posts with label ovarian. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ovarian. Show all posts
Ovarian Cysts, Polycystic Ovary syndrome and ovarian cancer
Ovarian cysts:
Ovarian cysts are very common and often exist without symptoms. In a normal cycle, every month several follicles, each containing an egg, develop. A surge of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone helps release the egg, and progesterone increases. If the egg is not fertilized, the cycle starts all over again. Sometimes, however, no egg is released. Then no progesterone is secreted and more estrogen is released, thus maturing the follicles into fluid-filled sacs or cysts that will grow larger every month until progesterone is secreted.
Cysts can appear in a very short time and disappear just as quickly. Cysts can be alone or in groups, small or large (even as big as a lemon!). Often when cysts are a few centimeters in size, doctors will recommend surgery. However, if a diet and supplementation program is followed, those cysts will usually reduce and disappear. The risk of cancer increases when cysts become solid. Ovarian cancer is rare, but it is difficult to diagnose and remission rates with conventional medicine are poor.
Sometimes a follicle is able to grow tissue or skin cells within the cyst. These types of cysts will not dissipate and must be surgically removed.
Symptoms:
Often ovarian cysts are not noticed until a pelvic examination is performed by the doctor or by an ultrasound scan. This is why it is so important to go for your annual PAP test because doctors perform a pelvic exam at the same time. For those with symptoms, the most obvious symptom is pain, either tenderness to the touch or a constant sore or burning sensation in the abdomen, located in the lower abdomen off to the right or left. Pain may occur during ovulation or intercourse. If a cyst erupts in the pelvic cavity, blood and fluid will discharge, possibly causing pain.
Causes:
Ovarian cysts occur when there is a hormone imbalance. Estrogen dominance brought on by poor elimination of waste by the lymphatic system, colon, liver and kidneys is a factor. Emotional or physical trauma, prolonged stress, and even heavy exercise can cause increased estrogen. A diet rich in meat and dairy products is also responsible for elevating estrogen. Cysts that occur after menopause should be looked at by a physician, as there is a greater risk of them being cancerous. The risk of ovarian cancer is increased with the use of fertility drugs or birth control pills, or if you have never been pregnant.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder where many fluid-filled cysts are present and male hormones are excessively high. In this disorder, excess luteinizing hormone increases the production of male hormones that can cause acne and coarse hair growth.
Affecting up to 10 percent of the U.S. population, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is the most common hormone dysfunction among women in their reproductive years. Because eggs are frequently not released, fertility is a problem. If pregnancy does occur, it often ends with first trimester miscarriage or is associated with gestational diabetes. The condition seems to run in families, with 20 percent of mothers and 40 percent of sisters of those with PCOS also demonstrating varying degrees of the syndrome.
With the approach of menopause, androgen production declines, and there is a more normal pattern of menstruation. If left untreated, PCOS can lead to cancer of the uterine lining. Women with PCOS also are at increased risk for development of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hypertension.
Symptoms:PCOS usually shows with coarse hair growth on the face and chest, and higher levels of male androgenic hormones, caused when the pituitary gland releases an excess of luteinizing hormone. Acne and oily skin are also evident. Ovaries are typically enlarged and contain multiple cysts. Symptoms often become apparent in puberty when menstruation is to begin: irregular menstrual periods with copious bleeding may occur, or PCOS can cause a lack of periods altogether. Infertility is a major concern of women with PCOS.
Causes:
Although historically considered a gynecological problem, research now shows that PCOS is associated with hyperinsulinemia (production of too much of the insulin hormone) and impaired glucose metabolism. Perhaps not surprisingly, more than 65 percent of women who suffer from PCOS are obese. Reports indicate that early pubarche (breast budding and pubic hair growth) is linked to ovarian hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, suggesting another hormonal trigger. Doctors typically try to determine if a tumor is responsible for the production of male hormones. Thyroid and prolactin abnormalities should also be investigated as possible causes of amenorrhea (lack of period).
Since the extra weight seems to be an important issue, those with PCOS should work toward losing excess weight gradually, using proper nutrition and exercise. Doing so will also lessen risks for diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Ovarian Cancer:
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most diagnosed cancer, accounting for almost 5 percent of all cancer deaths. In fact, about one in 70 women will eventually develop ovarian cancer. Known as the silent killer, vague symptoms make this cancer difficult to detect and allow it to invade other tissues. Ovarian cancer normally strikes between the ages of 50 and 70, and with an almost 60 percent death rate, women need to understand the symptoms so that they can seek treatment early.
Symptoms:
Symptoms of ovarian cancer can mimic common illness and are often vague. According to the Canadian Cancer Society, symptoms of early stage ovarian cancer include a mild discomfort in the lower part of the abdomen, a sense of incomplete evacuation of stool, gas, a frequent need to urinate, indigestion, feeling full after a light meal, low back pain and vaginal discharge. More advanced symptoms include painful intercourse, abnormal bleeding, diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. A build-up of fluid in the abdomen makes clothes feel tight. At this point, a woman may lose weight or become anemic.
Tests to diagnose ovarian cancer are simple and include a transvaginal ultrasound, a CA-125 blood test and a pelvic exam. Many doctors believe that the CA-125 blood test is not reliable, but the National Ovarian Cancer Association recommends it be done on women with above-noted symptoms. A 1983 Harvard University study found elevated levels in 80 percent of women with stages three and four ovarian cancer. The test was not as reliable with stage one and two cancer, and test results can also be high in women with uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Despite its imperfections, it is the best test that we have when combined with a transvaginal ultrasound. Fortunately, in Canada the CA-125 is covered under provincial health plans. Surgery is the only definitive method of detecting ovarian cancer.
PRESCRIPTION FOR WOMEN'S HEALTH:
Nutrients:
Dosage
Action
Multivitamins with minerals; (contains no iron)
FemmEssentials or MultiEssentials for women
As directed. See Appendix A for the complete listing of recommended nutrients and their actions.
Provides all the nutrients a woman needs every day to support all functions
EstroSense:
Take four capsules. Two at breakfast, two at dinner containing:
Milk Thistle 100 mg
Supports liver health, which is important for metabolism of hormones
D-glucarate 300 mg
Important for healthy metabolism of estrogen; supports normal cell growth
Turmeric 100 mg
95% curcumin)
Prevents abnormal cell growth, detoxifies cancer-causing form of estrogen
Indole-3-carbinol 300 mg
Stops healthy estrogen from converting into the cancer-causing form. Has been shown to reverse abnormal PAP tests within 3 menstrual cycles
Green tea extract 200 mg Protects against abnormal cell growth, detoxifies excess estrogens
Rosemary extract 50 mg
Reduces tumor formation; is antioxidant
Lycopene 10 mg
Antioxidant; reduces risk of cancer
Sulforaphane 400 mcg daily
Reduces risk of cancer; stops abnormal cell growth
Natural progesterone cream:
In Canada, progesterone cream is a prescription drug. Use 6% natural progesterone 1/4to 1/2 tsp morning and night between day 5-28 (or whenever your normal cycle ends). In the U.S., ProgestaCare by Life Flo is niceas it delivers 20 mg in a pre-measured pump dose.
Limits abnormal cell growth caused by too much estrogen. Aids ovulation
Evening Primrose Oil or Borage Oil:
3000 mg per day of Evening Primrose or 2000 mg per day of Borage oil
Anti-inflammatory; controls negative prostaglandins involved in pain and inflammation
Chaste Tree (Vitex) berry:
100-175 mg daily
Balances estrogen-to-progesterone ratio, important for proper cell function Normalizes ovulation and prolactin
HEALTH TIPS TO ENHANCE HEALING:
See health tips for Endometriosis.
Weight loss is essential in those with polycystic ovarian syndrome. See Diabetes for tips on normalizing insulin and improving insulin resistance, which aids PCOS
Ovarian cysts are very common and often exist without symptoms. In a normal cycle, every month several follicles, each containing an egg, develop. A surge of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone helps release the egg, and progesterone increases. If the egg is not fertilized, the cycle starts all over again. Sometimes, however, no egg is released. Then no progesterone is secreted and more estrogen is released, thus maturing the follicles into fluid-filled sacs or cysts that will grow larger every month until progesterone is secreted.
Cysts can appear in a very short time and disappear just as quickly. Cysts can be alone or in groups, small or large (even as big as a lemon!). Often when cysts are a few centimeters in size, doctors will recommend surgery. However, if a diet and supplementation program is followed, those cysts will usually reduce and disappear. The risk of cancer increases when cysts become solid. Ovarian cancer is rare, but it is difficult to diagnose and remission rates with conventional medicine are poor.
Sometimes a follicle is able to grow tissue or skin cells within the cyst. These types of cysts will not dissipate and must be surgically removed.
Symptoms:
Often ovarian cysts are not noticed until a pelvic examination is performed by the doctor or by an ultrasound scan. This is why it is so important to go for your annual PAP test because doctors perform a pelvic exam at the same time. For those with symptoms, the most obvious symptom is pain, either tenderness to the touch or a constant sore or burning sensation in the abdomen, located in the lower abdomen off to the right or left. Pain may occur during ovulation or intercourse. If a cyst erupts in the pelvic cavity, blood and fluid will discharge, possibly causing pain.
Causes:
Ovarian cysts occur when there is a hormone imbalance. Estrogen dominance brought on by poor elimination of waste by the lymphatic system, colon, liver and kidneys is a factor. Emotional or physical trauma, prolonged stress, and even heavy exercise can cause increased estrogen. A diet rich in meat and dairy products is also responsible for elevating estrogen. Cysts that occur after menopause should be looked at by a physician, as there is a greater risk of them being cancerous. The risk of ovarian cancer is increased with the use of fertility drugs or birth control pills, or if you have never been pregnant.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder where many fluid-filled cysts are present and male hormones are excessively high. In this disorder, excess luteinizing hormone increases the production of male hormones that can cause acne and coarse hair growth.
Affecting up to 10 percent of the U.S. population, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is the most common hormone dysfunction among women in their reproductive years. Because eggs are frequently not released, fertility is a problem. If pregnancy does occur, it often ends with first trimester miscarriage or is associated with gestational diabetes. The condition seems to run in families, with 20 percent of mothers and 40 percent of sisters of those with PCOS also demonstrating varying degrees of the syndrome.
With the approach of menopause, androgen production declines, and there is a more normal pattern of menstruation. If left untreated, PCOS can lead to cancer of the uterine lining. Women with PCOS also are at increased risk for development of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hypertension.
Symptoms:PCOS usually shows with coarse hair growth on the face and chest, and higher levels of male androgenic hormones, caused when the pituitary gland releases an excess of luteinizing hormone. Acne and oily skin are also evident. Ovaries are typically enlarged and contain multiple cysts. Symptoms often become apparent in puberty when menstruation is to begin: irregular menstrual periods with copious bleeding may occur, or PCOS can cause a lack of periods altogether. Infertility is a major concern of women with PCOS.
Causes:
Although historically considered a gynecological problem, research now shows that PCOS is associated with hyperinsulinemia (production of too much of the insulin hormone) and impaired glucose metabolism. Perhaps not surprisingly, more than 65 percent of women who suffer from PCOS are obese. Reports indicate that early pubarche (breast budding and pubic hair growth) is linked to ovarian hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, suggesting another hormonal trigger. Doctors typically try to determine if a tumor is responsible for the production of male hormones. Thyroid and prolactin abnormalities should also be investigated as possible causes of amenorrhea (lack of period).
Since the extra weight seems to be an important issue, those with PCOS should work toward losing excess weight gradually, using proper nutrition and exercise. Doing so will also lessen risks for diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Ovarian Cancer:
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most diagnosed cancer, accounting for almost 5 percent of all cancer deaths. In fact, about one in 70 women will eventually develop ovarian cancer. Known as the silent killer, vague symptoms make this cancer difficult to detect and allow it to invade other tissues. Ovarian cancer normally strikes between the ages of 50 and 70, and with an almost 60 percent death rate, women need to understand the symptoms so that they can seek treatment early.
Symptoms:
Symptoms of ovarian cancer can mimic common illness and are often vague. According to the Canadian Cancer Society, symptoms of early stage ovarian cancer include a mild discomfort in the lower part of the abdomen, a sense of incomplete evacuation of stool, gas, a frequent need to urinate, indigestion, feeling full after a light meal, low back pain and vaginal discharge. More advanced symptoms include painful intercourse, abnormal bleeding, diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. A build-up of fluid in the abdomen makes clothes feel tight. At this point, a woman may lose weight or become anemic.
Tests to diagnose ovarian cancer are simple and include a transvaginal ultrasound, a CA-125 blood test and a pelvic exam. Many doctors believe that the CA-125 blood test is not reliable, but the National Ovarian Cancer Association recommends it be done on women with above-noted symptoms. A 1983 Harvard University study found elevated levels in 80 percent of women with stages three and four ovarian cancer. The test was not as reliable with stage one and two cancer, and test results can also be high in women with uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Despite its imperfections, it is the best test that we have when combined with a transvaginal ultrasound. Fortunately, in Canada the CA-125 is covered under provincial health plans. Surgery is the only definitive method of detecting ovarian cancer.
PRESCRIPTION FOR WOMEN'S HEALTH:
Nutrients:
Dosage
Action
Multivitamins with minerals; (contains no iron)
FemmEssentials or MultiEssentials for women
As directed. See Appendix A for the complete listing of recommended nutrients and their actions.
Provides all the nutrients a woman needs every day to support all functions
EstroSense:
Take four capsules. Two at breakfast, two at dinner containing:
Milk Thistle 100 mg
Supports liver health, which is important for metabolism of hormones
D-glucarate 300 mg
Important for healthy metabolism of estrogen; supports normal cell growth
Turmeric 100 mg
95% curcumin)
Prevents abnormal cell growth, detoxifies cancer-causing form of estrogen
Indole-3-carbinol 300 mg
Stops healthy estrogen from converting into the cancer-causing form. Has been shown to reverse abnormal PAP tests within 3 menstrual cycles
Green tea extract 200 mg Protects against abnormal cell growth, detoxifies excess estrogens
Rosemary extract 50 mg
Reduces tumor formation; is antioxidant
Lycopene 10 mg
Antioxidant; reduces risk of cancer
Sulforaphane 400 mcg daily
Reduces risk of cancer; stops abnormal cell growth
Natural progesterone cream:
In Canada, progesterone cream is a prescription drug. Use 6% natural progesterone 1/4to 1/2 tsp morning and night between day 5-28 (or whenever your normal cycle ends). In the U.S., ProgestaCare by Life Flo is niceas it delivers 20 mg in a pre-measured pump dose.
Limits abnormal cell growth caused by too much estrogen. Aids ovulation
Evening Primrose Oil or Borage Oil:
3000 mg per day of Evening Primrose or 2000 mg per day of Borage oil
Anti-inflammatory; controls negative prostaglandins involved in pain and inflammation
Chaste Tree (Vitex) berry:
100-175 mg daily
Balances estrogen-to-progesterone ratio, important for proper cell function Normalizes ovulation and prolactin
HEALTH TIPS TO ENHANCE HEALING:
See health tips for Endometriosis.
Weight loss is essential in those with polycystic ovarian syndrome. See Diabetes for tips on normalizing insulin and improving insulin resistance, which aids PCOS
ovarian cysts
An ovarian cyst is any collection of fluid, surrounded by a very thin wall, within an ovary. Any ovarian follicle that is larger than about two centimeters is termed an ovarian cyst. An ovarian cyst can be as small as a pea, or larger than a cantaloupe.
Most ovarian cysts are functional in nature, and harmless (benign). In the US, ovarian cysts are found in nearly all premenopausal women, and in up to 14.8% of postmenopausal women.
Ovarian cysts affect women of all ages. They occur most often, however, during a woman's childbearing years.
Some ovarian cysts cause problems, such as bleeding and pain. Surgery may be required to remove cysts larger than 5 centimeters in diameter.
Most ovarian cysts are functional in nature, and harmless (benign). In the US, ovarian cysts are found in nearly all premenopausal women, and in up to 14.8% of postmenopausal women.
Ovarian cysts affect women of all ages. They occur most often, however, during a woman's childbearing years.
Some ovarian cysts cause problems, such as bleeding and pain. Surgery may be required to remove cysts larger than 5 centimeters in diameter.
ovarian cancer prevention
The first step of ovarian cancer prevention is recognizing your personal risk factors for the condition and controlling them, if possible. Risk factors that can be controlled include use of fertility drugs or hormone replacement therapy. The second step of ovarian cancer prevention is engaging in behaviors that may protect you against the disease. For example, women with a fam
Ovarian Cancer Prevention: An Overview
Doctors cannot always explain why one person will get ovarian cancer and another person will not. However, research scientists have studied general patterns of cancer in the population to learn what may increase a person's chances of developing cancer.
Anything that increases a person's chances of developing a disease is called a risk factor; anything that decreases a person's chances is called a protective factor. Ovarian cancer prevention means avoiding the risk factors and increasing the protective factors that can be controlled so that the chances of developing ovarian cancer decrease.
Ovarian Cancer Prevention: Know the Risk Factors
The first step in ovarian cancer prevention is knowing what the risk factors are for the disease. Some ovarian cancer risk factors can be avoided, but many cannot.
Studies have identified the following ovarian cancer risk factors:
Family history of ovarian cancer
Age over 50
No history of childbirth
Personal history of breast cancer or colon cancer
Use of fertility drugs
Use of talc in the genital area
Use of hormone replacement therapy.
ily history of ovarian cancer may have a prophylactic oophorectomy
Ovarian Cancer Prevention: An Overview
Doctors cannot always explain why one person will get ovarian cancer and another person will not. However, research scientists have studied general patterns of cancer in the population to learn what may increase a person's chances of developing cancer.
Anything that increases a person's chances of developing a disease is called a risk factor; anything that decreases a person's chances is called a protective factor. Ovarian cancer prevention means avoiding the risk factors and increasing the protective factors that can be controlled so that the chances of developing ovarian cancer decrease.
Ovarian Cancer Prevention: Know the Risk Factors
The first step in ovarian cancer prevention is knowing what the risk factors are for the disease. Some ovarian cancer risk factors can be avoided, but many cannot.
Studies have identified the following ovarian cancer risk factors:
Family history of ovarian cancer
Age over 50
No history of childbirth
Personal history of breast cancer or colon cancer
Use of fertility drugs
Use of talc in the genital area
Use of hormone replacement therapy.
ily history of ovarian cancer may have a prophylactic oophorectomy
ovarian cancer research
Ovarian Cancer Research
The goals of research on ovarian cancer are to improve current treatments and discover new ones. For example, scientists are currently studying biotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant as possible treatments for this disease. In order for research to be conducted, volunteers are needed. These people play an important role in furthering our understanding o
Ovarian Cancer Research: An Introduction
Doctors and scientists are hard at work conducting research on ovarian cancer. These studies are designed to answer important questions and to find out whether new approaches are safe and effective. This research has already led to many advances, and scientists are continuing to explore more effective methods for dealing with this disease.
Current Areas of Research on Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer research scientists are currently studying surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy (including high-dose chemotherapy), biological therapy, and combinations of these types of treatments for ovarian cancer.
Biological therapy is a treatment that uses the person's immune system to fight cancer. In biological therapy, substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.
High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment. Stem cells (immature blood cells) are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored. After the chemotherapy is completed, the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion. These reinfused stem cells grow into (and restore) the body's blood cells.
f ovarian cancer, and may benefit from new treatment methods.
The goals of research on ovarian cancer are to improve current treatments and discover new ones. For example, scientists are currently studying biotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant as possible treatments for this disease. In order for research to be conducted, volunteers are needed. These people play an important role in furthering our understanding o
Ovarian Cancer Research: An Introduction
Doctors and scientists are hard at work conducting research on ovarian cancer. These studies are designed to answer important questions and to find out whether new approaches are safe and effective. This research has already led to many advances, and scientists are continuing to explore more effective methods for dealing with this disease.
Current Areas of Research on Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer research scientists are currently studying surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy (including high-dose chemotherapy), biological therapy, and combinations of these types of treatments for ovarian cancer.
Biological therapy is a treatment that uses the person's immune system to fight cancer. In biological therapy, substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.
High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment. Stem cells (immature blood cells) are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored. After the chemotherapy is completed, the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion. These reinfused stem cells grow into (and restore) the body's blood cells.
f ovarian cancer, and may benefit from new treatment methods.
ovarian cancer research foundation
Ovarian Cancer Research FoundationThe Ovarian Cancer Research Foundation (OCRF) was established in May 2000 and led by eminent gynaecological oncology specialist, Chairman/Co-Founder Associate Professor Thomas Jobling and CEO/Co-Founder Liz Heliotis. It has developed to become one of Australia’s pre-eminent body supporting ovarian cancer research programs that occur nationally, and are focused upon the understanding of the causes of ovarian cancer, its early detection and improve patient survival.
A gynaecological cancer, cancer of the ovaries is one of the most common cancers affecting women and is often detected in the advanced stage of the disease, resulting in a high mortality rate. This is because the symptoms of ovarian cancer are not recognised immediately. Once diagnosed, treatment will usually include surgery and chemotherapy, depending on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis.
One goal of the OCRF is to improve the mortality rate and long-term survival rates for ovarian cancer. This may be achieved by the development of an early detection program - which is the focus of much of the ovarian cancer fundraising activities of the OCRF - and by raising community awareness.
Many fundraising initiatives are undertaken by the OCRF, such as the annual Silver Ribbon Campaign, the proceeds of which directly provide funding for research into an early detection program for cancer of the ovaries. Donations can also be made directly to the Foundation - to make a donation to the OCRF for ovarian cancer research, go to the Make a Donation page of this website or contact the Ovarian Cancer Research Foundation
A gynaecological cancer, cancer of the ovaries is one of the most common cancers affecting women and is often detected in the advanced stage of the disease, resulting in a high mortality rate. This is because the symptoms of ovarian cancer are not recognised immediately. Once diagnosed, treatment will usually include surgery and chemotherapy, depending on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis.
One goal of the OCRF is to improve the mortality rate and long-term survival rates for ovarian cancer. This may be achieved by the development of an early detection program - which is the focus of much of the ovarian cancer fundraising activities of the OCRF - and by raising community awareness.
Many fundraising initiatives are undertaken by the OCRF, such as the annual Silver Ribbon Campaign, the proceeds of which directly provide funding for research into an early detection program for cancer of the ovaries. Donations can also be made directly to the Foundation - to make a donation to the OCRF for ovarian cancer research, go to the Make a Donation page of this website or contact the Ovarian Cancer Research Foundation
ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer originates in the cells of the ovaries, including surface epithelial cells, germ cells and the sex cord-stromal cells. Ovarian tumors include:
Germ Cell Tumors — Ovarian germ cell tumors develop from cells that produce the ova or eggs. Most germ cell tumors are benign, although some are cancerous and may be life-threatening. The most common germ cell malignancies are maturing teratomas, dysgerminomas and endodermal sinus tumors. Teenagers and women in their 20s are most often diagnosed with germ cell malignancies. Before combination chemotherapy was available as a treatment, the most aggressive of these tumors — the GNP abnormal sinus tumor — was associated with a one-year disease-free survival rate of only 10 percent to 19 percent, even though 70 percent of these tumors were diagnosed very early. Today, however, 90 percent of women with ovarian germ cell malignancies can be cured and their fertility preserved.
Stromal Tumors — Ovarian stromal tumors develop from connective tissue cells that hold the ovary together and those that produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone. The most common types are granulosa-theca tumors and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. These tumors are fairly rare and usually are considered low-grade cancers.
Epithelial Tumors — Epithelial ovarian cancer develops from the thin layer of cells, called the epithelium, that covers the ovary. Most epithelial ovarian tumors are benign, including including serous adenomas, mucinous adenomas and Brenner tumors. Cancerous epithelial tumors are the most common and the most serious of ovarian cancers, accounting for 85 percent to 90 percent of all ovarian cancer. Some ovarian epithelial tumors don't appear clearly cancerous under the microscope and are called borderline tumors or tumors of low malignant potential (LMP tumors).
When cancer is diagnosed early while the tumor is limited to the ovary, the cure rate is better than 90 percent. Unfortunately, about two-thirds of women with ovarian cancer initially seek medical attention when the tumor is already advanced and has spread outside of the ovary. In these instances, the five-year survival rate is significantly lower.
Ovarian cancer often does not have signs or symptoms until later in its development. Symptoms may include:
Abdominal bloating or swelling
Abdominal or pelvic pain
Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
Frequent urination or feeling a need to urinate
If these symptoms are persistent and a change from the norm, you should see a gynecologist.
Others symptoms of ovarian cancer can include:
Back pain
Constipation
Fatigue
Menstrual changes
Pain during sex
Upset stomach
These symptoms, however, may be caused by other conditions and aren't necessarily signs of ovarian cancer.
Germ Cell Tumors — Ovarian germ cell tumors develop from cells that produce the ova or eggs. Most germ cell tumors are benign, although some are cancerous and may be life-threatening. The most common germ cell malignancies are maturing teratomas, dysgerminomas and endodermal sinus tumors. Teenagers and women in their 20s are most often diagnosed with germ cell malignancies. Before combination chemotherapy was available as a treatment, the most aggressive of these tumors — the GNP abnormal sinus tumor — was associated with a one-year disease-free survival rate of only 10 percent to 19 percent, even though 70 percent of these tumors were diagnosed very early. Today, however, 90 percent of women with ovarian germ cell malignancies can be cured and their fertility preserved.
Stromal Tumors — Ovarian stromal tumors develop from connective tissue cells that hold the ovary together and those that produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone. The most common types are granulosa-theca tumors and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. These tumors are fairly rare and usually are considered low-grade cancers.
Epithelial Tumors — Epithelial ovarian cancer develops from the thin layer of cells, called the epithelium, that covers the ovary. Most epithelial ovarian tumors are benign, including including serous adenomas, mucinous adenomas and Brenner tumors. Cancerous epithelial tumors are the most common and the most serious of ovarian cancers, accounting for 85 percent to 90 percent of all ovarian cancer. Some ovarian epithelial tumors don't appear clearly cancerous under the microscope and are called borderline tumors or tumors of low malignant potential (LMP tumors).
When cancer is diagnosed early while the tumor is limited to the ovary, the cure rate is better than 90 percent. Unfortunately, about two-thirds of women with ovarian cancer initially seek medical attention when the tumor is already advanced and has spread outside of the ovary. In these instances, the five-year survival rate is significantly lower.
Ovarian cancer often does not have signs or symptoms until later in its development. Symptoms may include:
Abdominal bloating or swelling
Abdominal or pelvic pain
Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
Frequent urination or feeling a need to urinate
If these symptoms are persistent and a change from the norm, you should see a gynecologist.
Others symptoms of ovarian cancer can include:
Back pain
Constipation
Fatigue
Menstrual changes
Pain during sex
Upset stomach
These symptoms, however, may be caused by other conditions and aren't necessarily signs of ovarian cancer.
ovarian cancer prognosis
A prognosis is a medical opinion as to the likely course and outcome of the disease based on the experiences of hundreds of patients. However, various factors can affect this, such as the patient's general health and response to treatment, as well as the cancer's stage. For that reason, a prognosis for ovarian cancer cannot be used to predict with certainty what will happen to a specific person
Prognosis for Ovarian Cancer: An Overview
Women who are facing ovarian cancer are naturally concerned about what their future holds. Understanding ovarian cancer and what to expect can help patients and their loved ones plan appropriate treatment, think about lifestyle changes, and make decisions about their quality of life and finances. Many people with ovarian cancer want to know their prognosis, so they may ask their doctor or search for ovarian cancer statistics on their own.
What Is an Ovarian Cancer Prognosis?
A prognosis is a medical opinion as to the likely course and outcome of a disease. In other words, the prognosis is the chance that a patient will recover or have a recurrence (return of the cancer).
Factors that can affect a woman's ovarian cancer prognosis include:
The type and location of the cancer
The stage of the disease (the extent to which the cancer has metastasized, or spread)
The person's age, general health, and response to treatment
Prognosis for Ovarian Cancer: An Overview
Women who are facing ovarian cancer are naturally concerned about what their future holds. Understanding ovarian cancer and what to expect can help patients and their loved ones plan appropriate treatment, think about lifestyle changes, and make decisions about their quality of life and finances. Many people with ovarian cancer want to know their prognosis, so they may ask their doctor or search for ovarian cancer statistics on their own.
What Is an Ovarian Cancer Prognosis?
A prognosis is a medical opinion as to the likely course and outcome of a disease. In other words, the prognosis is the chance that a patient will recover or have a recurrence (return of the cancer).
Factors that can affect a woman's ovarian cancer prognosis include:
The type and location of the cancer
The stage of the disease (the extent to which the cancer has metastasized, or spread)
The person's age, general health, and response to treatment
ovarian cancer:survical rates
What is the survival rate for ovarian cancer?
Every woman with ovarian cancer is treated as an individual case, depending on the stage of the disease and other personal factors, and so it is difficult to give a general prognosis.
If the cancer is diagnosed and treated early, between 80-100% of patients will survive for more than five years. Approximately 20% of women diagnosed at later stages will survive for more than five years. This figure, however, is improving all the time with better treatment. See 'How is Ovarian Cancer Treated?' for further discussion about survival rates.
Every woman with ovarian cancer is treated as an individual case, depending on the stage of the disease and other personal factors, and so it is difficult to give a general prognosis.
If the cancer is diagnosed and treated early, between 80-100% of patients will survive for more than five years. Approximately 20% of women diagnosed at later stages will survive for more than five years. This figure, however, is improving all the time with better treatment. See 'How is Ovarian Cancer Treated?' for further discussion about survival rates.
ovarian cysts:causes and factors
Whilst the occurence of an ovary cyst or the development of ovary cyst symptoms are several, we have concentrated on they key factors.
1. Genetic predisposition is often considered to be the primary cause of ovarian cyst as research has shown that the genetic pattern of women who suffer from this chronic condition is different as compared to women who never get ovarian cysts or PCOS. However, this should not be a death warrant as many times the genetic characteristics can be modified with the help of environmental factors and proper lifestyle related changes.
2. As with many illnesses, a weak immune system can contribue to the inability to prevent ovary cysts forming. When your body is unable to generate the properties needed to fight disease and infection, the likelihood of suffering from ovarian cysts is increased.
3. Poor Diet: Scientific research also tells us that certain dietary choices may lead to the formation of ovarian cysts, including those that are rich with carbohydrates, or processed foods, or those that are high in preservatives. These foods may trigger a hormone imbalance, weaken the body's natural immune system and leave you susceptible to cysts on the ovaries.
4. Serum sex-hormone binding globulin or SHGB can worsen the condition of ovarian cysts. This will result from a resistance to insulin which the leads to the ovaries producing an abnormal amount of the male hormone androgen.
5. An ovarian cyst can result from a hormonal imbalance, when there is a lack of ovulation. If the egg is not released as normal one month, progesterone may not be produced, which impacts the imbalance.
Although one of these causes or risk factors on their own may not mean that ovarian cysts are inevitable, a few of them together may definitely heighten one's risk. Besides these known causes, other factors such as toxins within the environment may also be to blame for the formation of ovarian cysts, leaving modern medicine unarmed to combat this often painful condition.
Besides the above primary factors, toxins in liver and even environmental toxins can aggravate ovarian cysts. Hence, ovarian cyst condition is not a simple one to understand or treat. Conventional wisdom blinded by hackneyed forms of treatment cannot treat and cure ovarian cysts. To treat this complex disease, a multidimensional view adopted by the holistic approach is needed. Holistic approach is also effective as it deals with a variety of factors and manages to find out the root cause of the disease. Then, systematically with a comprehensive method, the practitioner can help you bring about many lifestyle changes, which can aid in treatment. Hence, when it comes to curing ovarian cyst, a holistic approach is required to understand the causes of ovarian cysts and to treat this condition in a scientific and holistic manner.
1. Genetic predisposition is often considered to be the primary cause of ovarian cyst as research has shown that the genetic pattern of women who suffer from this chronic condition is different as compared to women who never get ovarian cysts or PCOS. However, this should not be a death warrant as many times the genetic characteristics can be modified with the help of environmental factors and proper lifestyle related changes.
2. As with many illnesses, a weak immune system can contribue to the inability to prevent ovary cysts forming. When your body is unable to generate the properties needed to fight disease and infection, the likelihood of suffering from ovarian cysts is increased.
3. Poor Diet: Scientific research also tells us that certain dietary choices may lead to the formation of ovarian cysts, including those that are rich with carbohydrates, or processed foods, or those that are high in preservatives. These foods may trigger a hormone imbalance, weaken the body's natural immune system and leave you susceptible to cysts on the ovaries.
4. Serum sex-hormone binding globulin or SHGB can worsen the condition of ovarian cysts. This will result from a resistance to insulin which the leads to the ovaries producing an abnormal amount of the male hormone androgen.
5. An ovarian cyst can result from a hormonal imbalance, when there is a lack of ovulation. If the egg is not released as normal one month, progesterone may not be produced, which impacts the imbalance.
Although one of these causes or risk factors on their own may not mean that ovarian cysts are inevitable, a few of them together may definitely heighten one's risk. Besides these known causes, other factors such as toxins within the environment may also be to blame for the formation of ovarian cysts, leaving modern medicine unarmed to combat this often painful condition.
Besides the above primary factors, toxins in liver and even environmental toxins can aggravate ovarian cysts. Hence, ovarian cyst condition is not a simple one to understand or treat. Conventional wisdom blinded by hackneyed forms of treatment cannot treat and cure ovarian cysts. To treat this complex disease, a multidimensional view adopted by the holistic approach is needed. Holistic approach is also effective as it deals with a variety of factors and manages to find out the root cause of the disease. Then, systematically with a comprehensive method, the practitioner can help you bring about many lifestyle changes, which can aid in treatment. Hence, when it comes to curing ovarian cyst, a holistic approach is required to understand the causes of ovarian cysts and to treat this condition in a scientific and holistic manner.
ovarian cancer:how is oc staged
How Is Ovarian Cancer Staged?
Staging is the process of finding out how widespread a cancer is. Most ovarian cancers that are not obviously widespread are staged at the time of surgery. One of the goals of surgery for ovarian cancer is to obtain tissue samples for diagnosis and staging. In order to stage the cancer, samples of tissues are taken from different parts of the pelvis and abdomen and examined under the microscope.
Staging is very important because ovarian cancers have a different prognosis at different stages and are treated differently. The accuracy of the staging may determine whether or not a patient will be cured. If the cancer is not properly staged, then cancer that has spread outside the ovary may be missed and not treated. Once a stage has been given it does not change, even when the cancer comes back or spreads to new locations in the body.
Ask your cancer care team to explain the staging procedure. Also ask them if they will perform a thorough staging procedure. After surgery, ask what your cancer's stage is. In this way, you will be able to take part in making informed decisions about your treatment.
Ovarian cancer is staged according to the AJCC/TNM System. This describes the extent of the primary Tumor (T), the absence or presence of metastasis to nearby lymph Nodes (N), and the absence or presence of distant Metastasis (M). This closely resembles the system that is actually used by most gynecologic oncologists, called the FIGO system. Both rely on the results of surgery for the actual stages. Fallopian tube cancer is staged like ovarian cancer, but with different "T" categories. Primary peritoneal cancer (PPC) is staged like ovarian cancer, with all cases being either stage III or IV depending on whether the cancer has spread to distant sites.
T categories for ovarian cancer
Tx: No description of the tumor's extent is possible because of incomplete information.
T1: The cancer is confined to the ovaries -- one or both.
T1a: The cancer is only inside one ovary - it is not on the outside of the ovary, it doesn’t penetrate the tissue covering the ovary (called the capsule) and is not in fluid taken from the pelvis.
T1b: The cancer is inside both ovaries but doesn't penetrate to the outside and is not in fluid taken from the pelvis (like T1a except the cancer is in both ovaries).
T1c: The cancer is in one or both ovaries and is either on the outside of an ovary, grown through the capsule of an ovary, or is in fluid taken from the pelvis.
T2: The cancer is in one or both ovaries and is extending into pelvic tissues.
T2a: The cancer has spread (metastasized) to the uterus and/or the fallopian tubes but is not in fluid taken from the pelvis.
T2b: The cancer has spread to pelvic tissues besides the uterus and fallopian tubes but it is not in fluid taken from the pelvis.
T2c: The cancer has spread to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes and/or other pelvic tissues (like T2a or T2b) and is also in fluid taken from the pelvis.
T3: The cancer is in one or both ovaries and has spread to the abdominal lining outside the pelvis. This lining is called the peritoneum.
T3a: The cancer metastases are so small that they can not be seen except under a microscope.
T3b: The cancer metastases can be seen but no tumor is bigger than 2 centimeters (0.8 inches).
T3c: The cancer metastases are larger than 2 centimeters (0.8 inches).
T categories for fallopian tube cancer
Tx: No description of the tumor's extent is possible because of incomplete information.
Tis: Cancer cells are only in the inner lining of the fallopian tube. They have not grown into deeper layers. Also called carcinoma in situ.
T1: The cancer is in the fallopian tube(s), but has not grown outside of them.
T1a: The cancer is only inside one fallopian tube -- it has not grown through to the outside of the tube. It hasn't grown through the tissue covering the tumor (called the capsule) and is not in fluid taken from the pelvis.
T1b: The cancer is growing in both fallopian tubes -- it has not grown through to the outside of the tube. It hasn't grown through the tissue covering the tumor (called the capsule) and is not in fluid taken from the pelvis (like T1a but with tumor in both tubes).
T1c: The tumor is in one or both fallopian tubes and has either grown through the outer wall of the tube or cancer cells are found in fluid taken from the pelvis.
T2: The tumor has grown from one or both fallopian tubes into the pelvis.
T2a: The cancer is growing into the uterus and/or the ovaries.
T2b: The cancer is growing into other parts of the pelvis.
T2c: The cancer has spread from the fallopian tubes into other parts of the pelvis and cancer cells are found in fluid taken from the pelvis (either from ascites or from washings obtained at surgery.
T3: The tumor has spread outside the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen.
T3a: The areas of cancer spread outside the pelvis can only be found when the area is biopsied and looked at under the microscope.
T3b: The areas of spread can be seen with the naked eye, but are 2 cm or less in size (less than an inch).
T3c: The areas of spread are greater than 2 cm in size.
N categories
N categories indicate whether or not the cancer has spread to regional (nearby) lymph nodes.
Nx: No description of lymph node involvement is possible because of incomplete information.
N0: No lymph node involvement.
N1: Cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes close to tumor.
M categories
M categories indicate whether or not the cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the liver, lungs, or non-regional lymph nodes.
Mx: No description of distant spread is possible because of incomplete information.
M0: No distant spread.
M1: Cancer has spread to the inside of the liver, to the lungs, or other organs.
Grade categories
(The higher the grade, the more likely it is that the cancer will spread.)
Grade 1: Well differentiated -- looks similar to normal ovarian tissue.
Grade 2: Not as well differentiated -- looks less like ovarian tissue.
Grade 3: Poorly differentiated – does not look like ovarian tissue.
Stage grouping
Once a patient's T, N, and M categories have been determined, this information is combined in a process called stage grouping to determine the stage, expressed in Roman numerals from stage I (the least advanced stage) to stage IV (the most advanced stage). The following table illustrates how TNM categories are grouped together into stages. This stage grouping also applies to fallopian tube carcinoma.
What the stages of ovarian cancer mean
Stage I
The cancer is still contained within the ovary (or ovaries).
Stage IA (T1a, N0, M0): Cancer has developed in one ovary, and the tumor is confined to the inside of the ovary. There is no cancer on the outer surface of the ovary. Laboratory examination of washings from the abdomen and pelvis did not find any cancer cells.
Stage IB (T1b, N0, M0): Cancer has developed within both ovaries without any tumor on their outer surfaces. Laboratory examination of washings from the abdomen and pelvis did not find any cancer cells.
Stage IC (T1c, N0, M0): The cancer is present in one or both ovaries and one or more of the following are present:
Cancer is on the outer surface of at least one of the ovaries.
In the case of cystic tumors (fluid-filled tumors), the capsule (outer wall of the tumor) has ruptured (burst)
Laboratory examination found cancer cells in fluid or washings from the abdomen.
Stage II
The cancer is in one or both ovaries and has involved other organs (such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, bladder, the sigmoid colon, or the rectum) within the pelvis.
Stage IIA (T2a, N0, M0): The cancer has spread to or has actually invaded (grown into) the uterus or the fallopian tubes, or both. Laboratory examination of washings from the abdomen did not find any cancer cells.
Stage IIB (T2b, N0, M0): The cancer has spread to other nearby pelvic organs such as the bladder, the sigmoid colon, or the rectum. Laboratory examination of fluid from the abdomen did not find any cancer cells.
Stage IIC (T2c, N0, M0): The cancer has spread to pelvic organs as in stages IIA or IIB and laboratory examination of the washings from the abdomen found evidence of cancer cells.
Stage III
The cancer involves one or both ovaries, and one or both of the following are present: (1) cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen; (2) cancer has spread to lymph nodes.
Stage IIIA (T3a, N0, M0): During the staging operation, the surgeon can see cancer involving the ovary or ovaries, but no cancer is grossly visible (can be seen without using a microscope) in the abdomen and the cancer has not spread to lymph nodes. However, when biopsies are checked under a microscope, tiny deposits of cancer are found in the lining of the upper abdomen.
Stage IIIB (T3b, N0, M0): There is cancer in one or both ovaries, and deposits of cancer large enough for the surgeon to see, but smaller than 2 cm (about 3/4 inch) across, are present in the abdomen. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage IIIC: The cancer is in one or both ovaries, and one or both of the following are present:
Cancer has spread to lymph nodes (any T, N1, M0)
Deposits of cancer larger than 2 cm (about 3/4 inch) across are seen in the abdomen (T3c, N0, M0).
Stage IV (any T, any N, M1):
This is the most advanced stage of ovarian cancer. In this stage the cancer has spread to the inside of the liver, the lungs, or other organs located outside of the peritoneal cavity. (The peritoneal cavity, or abdominal cavity is the area enclosed by the peritoneum, a. membrane that lines the inner abdomen and covers most of its organs.). Finding ovarian cancer cells in the fluid around the lungs (called pleural fluid) is also evidence of stage IV disease.
Recurrent ovarian cancer: This means that the disease went away with treatment but then came back (recurred).
Survival by stage
The numbers below are based on patients diagnosed from 1988 to 2001. These numbers come from the National Cancer Institute, SEER Data Base.
Invasive epithelial ovarian cancer
Stage
Relative 5-Year Survival Rate
I
89%
IA
94%
IB
91%
IC
80%
II
66%
IIA
76%
IIB
67%
IIC
57%
III
34%
IIIA
45%
IIIB
39%
IIIC
35%
IV
18%
Ovarian tumors of low malignant potential
Stage
Relative 5-yr Survival Rate
I
99%
II
98%
III
96%
IV
77%
Germ cell tumors of the ovary
Stage
Relative 5-yr Survival Rate
I
98%
II*
80%
III
84%
IV
55%
*stage II cancer survival not based on many cases - may not be reliable
Fallopian tube carcinoma
Stage
Relative 5-yr Survival Rate
I
93%
II*
74%
III
66%
IV
40%
The 5-year survival rate refers to the percentage of patients who live at least 5 years after their cancer is diagnosed. Five-year rates are used to produce a standard way of discussing prognosis. Of course, many people live much longer than 5 years. Five-year relative survival rates take into account that people will die of other causes and compare the observed survival with that expected for people without ovarian cancer. This is a better way to describe the deaths from ovarian cancer.
ovarian cancer:chemotherapy
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells. Most women have chemotherapy for ovarian cancer after surgery. Some women have chemotherapy before surgery.
Usually, more than one drug is given. Drugs for ovarian cancer can be given in different ways:
By vein (IV): The drugs can be given through a thin tube inserted into a vein.
By vein and directly into the abdomen: Some women get IV chemotherapy along with intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy. For IP chemotherapy, the drugs are given through a thin tube inserted into the abdomen.
By mouth: Some drugs for ovarian cancer can be given by mouth.
Chemotherapy is given in cycles. Each treatment period is followed by a rest period. The length of the rest period and the number of cycles depend on the anticancer drugs used.
You may have your treatment in a clinic, at the doctor's office, or at home. Some women may need to stay in the hospital during treatment.
The side effects of chemotherapy depend mainly on which drugs are given and how much. The drugs can harm normal cells that divide rapidly:
Blood cells: These cells fight infection, help blood to clot, and carry oxygen to all parts of your body. When drugs affect your blood cells, you are more likely to get infections, bruise or bleed easily, and feel very weak and tired. Your health care team checks you for low levels of blood cells. If blood tests show low levels, your health care team can suggest medicines that can help your body make new blood cells.
Cells in hair roots: Some drugs can cause hair loss. Your hair will grow back, but it may be somewhat different in color and texture.
Cells that line the digestive tract: Some drugs can cause poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, or mouth and lip sores. Ask your health care team about medicines that help with these problems.
Some drugs used to treat ovarian cancer can cause hearing loss, kidney damage, joint pain, and tingling or numbness in the hands or feet. Most of these side effects usually go away after treatment ends.
You may find it helpful to read NCI's booklet Chemotherapy and You: A Guide to Self-Help During Cancer Treatment.
Chemotherapy uses anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells. Most women have chemotherapy for ovarian cancer after surgery. Some women have chemotherapy before surgery.
Usually, more than one drug is given. Drugs for ovarian cancer can be given in different ways:
By vein (IV): The drugs can be given through a thin tube inserted into a vein.
By vein and directly into the abdomen: Some women get IV chemotherapy along with intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy. For IP chemotherapy, the drugs are given through a thin tube inserted into the abdomen.
By mouth: Some drugs for ovarian cancer can be given by mouth.
Chemotherapy is given in cycles. Each treatment period is followed by a rest period. The length of the rest period and the number of cycles depend on the anticancer drugs used.
You may have your treatment in a clinic, at the doctor's office, or at home. Some women may need to stay in the hospital during treatment.
The side effects of chemotherapy depend mainly on which drugs are given and how much. The drugs can harm normal cells that divide rapidly:
Blood cells: These cells fight infection, help blood to clot, and carry oxygen to all parts of your body. When drugs affect your blood cells, you are more likely to get infections, bruise or bleed easily, and feel very weak and tired. Your health care team checks you for low levels of blood cells. If blood tests show low levels, your health care team can suggest medicines that can help your body make new blood cells.
Cells in hair roots: Some drugs can cause hair loss. Your hair will grow back, but it may be somewhat different in color and texture.
Cells that line the digestive tract: Some drugs can cause poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, or mouth and lip sores. Ask your health care team about medicines that help with these problems.
Some drugs used to treat ovarian cancer can cause hearing loss, kidney damage, joint pain, and tingling or numbness in the hands or feet. Most of these side effects usually go away after treatment ends.
You may find it helpful to read NCI's booklet Chemotherapy and You: A Guide to Self-Help During Cancer Treatment.
ovarian cancer survival rate
The 5-year ovarian cancer survival rate is the percentage of people who are alive 5 years after being diagnosed, whether they have few or no symptoms, are free of disease, or are having treatment. The overall 5-year relative survival rate for 1996-2002 was 44.7 percent. However, the ovarian cancer survival rate is based on large groups of people. No two patients are exactly alike; treatment and responses to treatment vary greatly.
Ovarian Cancer Survival Rate: An Introduction
The ovarian cancer survival rate indicates the percentage of people with a certain type and stage of ovarian cancer who survive the disease for a specific period of time after their diagnosis. In most cases, statistics refer to the 5-year ovarian cancer survival rate. The 5-year ovarian cancer survival rate is the percentage of people who are alive 5 years after an ovarian cancer diagnosis, whether they have few or no signs or symptoms of ovarian cancer, are free of disease, or are having treatment for ovarian cancer.
Survival rates are based on large groups of people and cannot be used to predict what will happen to a particular patient. No two patients are exactly alike, and ovarian cancer treatment and responses to treatment vary greatly.
Factors Influencing the Ovarian Cancer Survival Rate
In general, the ovarian cancer survival rate will depend on:
The ovarian cancer type (see Types of Ovarian Cancer)
The stage of ovarian cancer (see Ovarian Cancer Stages)
A woman's age and general health
Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Overall Ovarian Cancer Survival Rate
Survival rates can be calculated by different methods for different purposes. The survival rates presented here are based on the relative survival rate. The relative survival rate measures the survival of ovarian cancer patients in comparison to the general population to estimate the effect of cancer. The overall 5-year relative ovarian cancer survival rate for 1996-2002 was 44.7 percent. The 5-year relative ovarian cancer survival rates by race and sex were:
44.2 percent for white women
39.5 percent for black women.
Ovarian Cancer Survival Rate: An Introduction
The ovarian cancer survival rate indicates the percentage of people with a certain type and stage of ovarian cancer who survive the disease for a specific period of time after their diagnosis. In most cases, statistics refer to the 5-year ovarian cancer survival rate. The 5-year ovarian cancer survival rate is the percentage of people who are alive 5 years after an ovarian cancer diagnosis, whether they have few or no signs or symptoms of ovarian cancer, are free of disease, or are having treatment for ovarian cancer.
Survival rates are based on large groups of people and cannot be used to predict what will happen to a particular patient. No two patients are exactly alike, and ovarian cancer treatment and responses to treatment vary greatly.
Factors Influencing the Ovarian Cancer Survival Rate
In general, the ovarian cancer survival rate will depend on:
The ovarian cancer type (see Types of Ovarian Cancer)
The stage of ovarian cancer (see Ovarian Cancer Stages)
A woman's age and general health
Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Overall Ovarian Cancer Survival Rate
Survival rates can be calculated by different methods for different purposes. The survival rates presented here are based on the relative survival rate. The relative survival rate measures the survival of ovarian cancer patients in comparison to the general population to estimate the effect of cancer. The overall 5-year relative ovarian cancer survival rate for 1996-2002 was 44.7 percent. The 5-year relative ovarian cancer survival rates by race and sex were:
44.2 percent for white women
39.5 percent for black women.
surgery for ovarian cancer
Surgery
The surgeon makes a long cut in the wall of the abdomen. This type of surgery is called a laparotomy. If ovarian cancer is found, the surgeon removes:
both ovaries and fallopian tubes (salpingo-oophorectomy)
the uterus (hysterectomy)
the omentum (the thin, fatty pad of tissue that covers the intestines)
nearby lymph nodes
samples of tissue from the pelvis and abdomen
If the cancer has spread, the surgeon removes as much cancer as possible. This is called "debulking" surgery.
If you have early Stage I ovarian cancer, the extent of surgery may depend on whether you want to get pregnant and have children. Some women with very early ovarian cancer may decide with their doctor to have only one ovary, one fallopian tube, and the omentum removed.
You may be uncomfortable for the first few days after surgery. Medicine can help control your pain. Before surgery, you should discuss the plan for pain relief with your doctor or nurse. After surgery, your doctor can adjust the plan if you need more pain relief.
The time it takes to heal after surgery is different for each woman. You will spend several days in the hospital. It may be several weeks before you return to normal activities.
If you haven't gone through menopause yet, surgery may cause hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and night sweats. These symptoms are caused by the sudden loss of female hormones. Talk with your doctor or nurse about your symptoms so that you can develop a treatment plan together. There are drugs and lifestyle changes that can help, and most symptoms go away or lessen with time
The surgeon makes a long cut in the wall of the abdomen. This type of surgery is called a laparotomy. If ovarian cancer is found, the surgeon removes:
both ovaries and fallopian tubes (salpingo-oophorectomy)
the uterus (hysterectomy)
the omentum (the thin, fatty pad of tissue that covers the intestines)
nearby lymph nodes
samples of tissue from the pelvis and abdomen
If the cancer has spread, the surgeon removes as much cancer as possible. This is called "debulking" surgery.
If you have early Stage I ovarian cancer, the extent of surgery may depend on whether you want to get pregnant and have children. Some women with very early ovarian cancer may decide with their doctor to have only one ovary, one fallopian tube, and the omentum removed.
You may be uncomfortable for the first few days after surgery. Medicine can help control your pain. Before surgery, you should discuss the plan for pain relief with your doctor or nurse. After surgery, your doctor can adjust the plan if you need more pain relief.
The time it takes to heal after surgery is different for each woman. You will spend several days in the hospital. It may be several weeks before you return to normal activities.
If you haven't gone through menopause yet, surgery may cause hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and night sweats. These symptoms are caused by the sudden loss of female hormones. Talk with your doctor or nurse about your symptoms so that you can develop a treatment plan together. There are drugs and lifestyle changes that can help, and most symptoms go away or lessen with time
ovarian cancer:radiation therapy
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. A large machine directs radiation at the body.
Radiation therapy is rarely used in the initial treatment of ovarian cancer, but it may be used to relieve pain and other problems caused by the disease. The treatment is given at a hospital or clinic. Each treatment takes only a few minutes.
Side effects depend mainly on the amount of radiation given and the part of your body that is treated. Radiation therapy to your abdomen and pelvis may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or bloody stools. Also, your skin in the treated area may become red, dry, and tender. Although the side effects can be distressing, your doctor can usually treat or control them. Also, they gradually go away after treatment ends.
NCI provides a booklet called Radiation Therapy and You: A Guide to Self-Help During Cancer Treatment.
Supportive care
Ovarian cancer and its treatment can lead to other health problems. You may receive supportive care to prevent or control these problems and to improve your comfort and quality of life.
Your health care team can help you with the following problems:
Pain: Your doctor or a specialist in pain control can suggest ways to relieve or reduce pain. More information about pain control can be found in the NCI booklets Pain Control: A Guide for People with Cancer and Their Families, Get Relief from Cancer Pain, and Understanding Cancer Pain.
Swollen abdomen (from abnormal fluid buildup called ascites): The swelling can be uncomfortable. Your health care team can remove the fluid whenever it builds up.
Blocked intestine: Cancer can block the intestine. Your doctor may be able to open the blockage with surgery.
Swollen legs (from lymphedema): Swollen legs can be uncomfortable and hard to bend. You may find exercises, massages, or compression bandages helpful. Physical therapists trained to manage lymphedema can also help.
Shortness of breath: Advanced cancer can cause fluid to collect around the lungs. The fluid can make it hard to breathe. Your health care team can remove the fluid whenever it builds up.
Sadness: It is normal to feel sad after a diagnosis of a serious illness. Some people find it helpful to talk about their feelings. See the "Sources of Support" section for more information.
Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. A large machine directs radiation at the body.
Radiation therapy is rarely used in the initial treatment of ovarian cancer, but it may be used to relieve pain and other problems caused by the disease. The treatment is given at a hospital or clinic. Each treatment takes only a few minutes.
Side effects depend mainly on the amount of radiation given and the part of your body that is treated. Radiation therapy to your abdomen and pelvis may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or bloody stools. Also, your skin in the treated area may become red, dry, and tender. Although the side effects can be distressing, your doctor can usually treat or control them. Also, they gradually go away after treatment ends.
NCI provides a booklet called Radiation Therapy and You: A Guide to Self-Help During Cancer Treatment.
Supportive care
Ovarian cancer and its treatment can lead to other health problems. You may receive supportive care to prevent or control these problems and to improve your comfort and quality of life.
Your health care team can help you with the following problems:
Pain: Your doctor or a specialist in pain control can suggest ways to relieve or reduce pain. More information about pain control can be found in the NCI booklets Pain Control: A Guide for People with Cancer and Their Families, Get Relief from Cancer Pain, and Understanding Cancer Pain.
Swollen abdomen (from abnormal fluid buildup called ascites): The swelling can be uncomfortable. Your health care team can remove the fluid whenever it builds up.
Blocked intestine: Cancer can block the intestine. Your doctor may be able to open the blockage with surgery.
Swollen legs (from lymphedema): Swollen legs can be uncomfortable and hard to bend. You may find exercises, massages, or compression bandages helpful. Physical therapists trained to manage lymphedema can also help.
Shortness of breath: Advanced cancer can cause fluid to collect around the lungs. The fluid can make it hard to breathe. Your health care team can remove the fluid whenever it builds up.
Sadness: It is normal to feel sad after a diagnosis of a serious illness. Some people find it helpful to talk about their feelings. See the "Sources of Support" section for more information.
risk factors for ovarian cancer
Risk factors
Doctors cannot always explain why one woman develops ovarian cancer and another does not. However, we do know that women with certain risk factors may be more likely than others to develop ovarian cancer. A risk factor is something that may increase the chance of developing a disease.
Studies have found the following risk factors for ovarian cancer:
Family history of cancer: Women who have a mother, daughter, or sister with ovarian cancer have an increased risk of the disease. Also, women with a family history of cancer of the breast, uterus, colon, or rectum may also have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.If several women in a family have ovarian or breast cancer, especially at a young age, this is considered a strong family history. If you have a strong family history of ovarian or breast cancer, you may wish to talk to a genetic counselor. The counselor may suggest genetic testing for you and the women in your family. Genetic tests can sometimes show the presence of specific gene changes that increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
Personal history of cancer: Women who have had cancer of the breast, uterus, colon, or rectum have a higher risk of ovarian cancer.
Age over 55: Most women are over age 55 when diagnosed with ovarian cancer.
Never pregnant: Older women who have never been pregnant have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
Menopausal hormone therapy: Some studies have suggested that women who take estrogen by itself (estrogen without progesterone) for 10 or more years may have an increased risk of ovarian cancer
Doctors cannot always explain why one woman develops ovarian cancer and another does not. However, we do know that women with certain risk factors may be more likely than others to develop ovarian cancer. A risk factor is something that may increase the chance of developing a disease.
Studies have found the following risk factors for ovarian cancer:
Family history of cancer: Women who have a mother, daughter, or sister with ovarian cancer have an increased risk of the disease. Also, women with a family history of cancer of the breast, uterus, colon, or rectum may also have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.If several women in a family have ovarian or breast cancer, especially at a young age, this is considered a strong family history. If you have a strong family history of ovarian or breast cancer, you may wish to talk to a genetic counselor. The counselor may suggest genetic testing for you and the women in your family. Genetic tests can sometimes show the presence of specific gene changes that increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
Personal history of cancer: Women who have had cancer of the breast, uterus, colon, or rectum have a higher risk of ovarian cancer.
Age over 55: Most women are over age 55 when diagnosed with ovarian cancer.
Never pregnant: Older women who have never been pregnant have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
Menopausal hormone therapy: Some studies have suggested that women who take estrogen by itself (estrogen without progesterone) for 10 or more years may have an increased risk of ovarian cancer
"the most common symptom of ruptured ovarian cyst is PAIN"
Ruptured Ovarian Cyst Symptoms
The keyword for ruSymptoms of the ruptured ovarian cyst are similar to the regular ovarian cyst symptoms. The most common symptom of both of them is pain.
A woman with an ovarian cyst will often notice pelvic pain which is constant, dull and aching. She may also experience pain during other daily activities, such as during or immediately following sexual intercourse.
Pain may also be felt when passing a bowel movement or during regular daily activities such lifting, bending or reaching.
Other more intense activities such sports and physical activity may also induce pain.
A woman with a ruptured ovarian cyst may experience pain associated with their menstrual cycle - in particular, pain may escalate just prior to or just after the menstrual period.
You should seek immediate medical attention when you start experiencing severe, persistent pain in the abdomen or pelvis, particularly if it is associated with worrisome symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, light-headedness or fainting, and clamminess.
If a rupture occurs with internal bleeding or a severe twist of the ovary, meptured ovarian cyst symptoms is pain
The keyword for ruSymptoms of the ruptured ovarian cyst are similar to the regular ovarian cyst symptoms. The most common symptom of both of them is pain.
A woman with an ovarian cyst will often notice pelvic pain which is constant, dull and aching. She may also experience pain during other daily activities, such as during or immediately following sexual intercourse.
Pain may also be felt when passing a bowel movement or during regular daily activities such lifting, bending or reaching.
Other more intense activities such sports and physical activity may also induce pain.
A woman with a ruptured ovarian cyst may experience pain associated with their menstrual cycle - in particular, pain may escalate just prior to or just after the menstrual period.
You should seek immediate medical attention when you start experiencing severe, persistent pain in the abdomen or pelvis, particularly if it is associated with worrisome symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, light-headedness or fainting, and clamminess.
If a rupture occurs with internal bleeding or a severe twist of the ovary, meptured ovarian cyst symptoms is pain
ovarian cancer treatment methods
Treatment methods
Your doctor can describe your treatment choices and the expected results. Most women have surgery and chemotherapy. Rarely, radiation therapy is used.
Cancer treatment can affect cancer cells in the pelvis, in the abdomen, or throughout the body:
Local therapy: Surgery and radiation therapy are local therapies. They remove or destroy ovarian cancer in the pelvis. When ovarian cancer has spread to other parts of the body, local therapy may be used to control the disease in those specific areas.
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Chemotherapy can be given directly into the abdomen and pelvis through a thin tube. The drugs destroy or control cancer in the abdomen and pelvis.
Systemic chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein, the drugs enter the bloodstream and destroy or control cancer throughout the body.
You may want to know how treatment may change your normal activities. You and your doctor can work together to develop a treatment plan that meets your medical and personal needs.
Because cancer treatments often damage healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. Side effects depend mainly on the type and extent of the treatment. Side effects may not be the same for each woman, and they may change from one treatment session to the next. Before treatment starts, your health care team will explain possible side effects and suggest ways to help you manage them.
You may want to talk to your doctor about taking part in a clinical trial, a research study of new treatment methods. Clinical trials are an important option for women with all stages of ovarian cancer. The section on "The Promise of Cancer Research" has more information about clinical trials.
Your doctor can describe your treatment choices and the expected results. Most women have surgery and chemotherapy. Rarely, radiation therapy is used.
Cancer treatment can affect cancer cells in the pelvis, in the abdomen, or throughout the body:
Local therapy: Surgery and radiation therapy are local therapies. They remove or destroy ovarian cancer in the pelvis. When ovarian cancer has spread to other parts of the body, local therapy may be used to control the disease in those specific areas.
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Chemotherapy can be given directly into the abdomen and pelvis through a thin tube. The drugs destroy or control cancer in the abdomen and pelvis.
Systemic chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein, the drugs enter the bloodstream and destroy or control cancer throughout the body.
You may want to know how treatment may change your normal activities. You and your doctor can work together to develop a treatment plan that meets your medical and personal needs.
Because cancer treatments often damage healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. Side effects depend mainly on the type and extent of the treatment. Side effects may not be the same for each woman, and they may change from one treatment session to the next. Before treatment starts, your health care team will explain possible side effects and suggest ways to help you manage them.
You may want to talk to your doctor about taking part in a clinical trial, a research study of new treatment methods. Clinical trials are an important option for women with all stages of ovarian cancer. The section on "The Promise of Cancer Research" has more information about clinical trials.
staging for ovarian cancer
Staging
To plan the best treatment, your doctor needs to know the grade of the tumor (see Diagnosis) and the extent (stage) of the disease. The stage is based on whether the tumor has invaded nearby tissues, whether the cancer has spread, and if so, to what parts of the body.
Usually, surgery is needed before staging can be complete. The surgeon takes many samples of tissue from the pelvis and abdomen to look for cancer.
Your doctor may order tests to find out whether the cancer has spread:
CT scan: Doctors often use CT scans to make pictures of organs and tissues in the pelvis or abdomen. An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes several pictures. You may receive contrast material by mouth and by injection into your arm or hand. The contrast material helps the organs or tissues show up more clearly. Abdominal fluid or a tumor may show up on the CT scan.
Chest x-ray: X-rays of the chest can show tumors or fluid.
Barium enema x-ray: Your doctor may order a series of x-rays of the lower intestine. You are given an enema with a barium solution. The barium outlines the intestine on the x-rays. Areas blocked by cancer may show up on the x-rays.
Colonoscopy: Your doctor inserts a long, lighted tube into the rectum and colon. This exam can help tell if cancer has spread to the colon or rectum.
These are the stages of ovarian cancer:
Stage I: Cancer cells are found in one or both ovaries. Cancer cells may be found on the surface of the ovaries or in fluid collected from the abdomen.
Stage II: Cancer cells have spread from one or both ovaries to other tissues in the pelvis. Cancer cells are found on the fallopian tubes, the uterus, or other tissues in the pelvis. Cancer cells may be found in fluid collected from the abdomen.
Stage III: Cancer cells have spread to tissues outside the pelvis or to the regional lymph nodes. Cancer cells may be found on the outside of the liver.
Stage IV: Cancer cells have spread to tissues outside the abdomen and pelvis. Cancer cells may be found inside the liver, in the lungs, or in other organs
To plan the best treatment, your doctor needs to know the grade of the tumor (see Diagnosis) and the extent (stage) of the disease. The stage is based on whether the tumor has invaded nearby tissues, whether the cancer has spread, and if so, to what parts of the body.
Usually, surgery is needed before staging can be complete. The surgeon takes many samples of tissue from the pelvis and abdomen to look for cancer.
Your doctor may order tests to find out whether the cancer has spread:
CT scan: Doctors often use CT scans to make pictures of organs and tissues in the pelvis or abdomen. An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes several pictures. You may receive contrast material by mouth and by injection into your arm or hand. The contrast material helps the organs or tissues show up more clearly. Abdominal fluid or a tumor may show up on the CT scan.
Chest x-ray: X-rays of the chest can show tumors or fluid.
Barium enema x-ray: Your doctor may order a series of x-rays of the lower intestine. You are given an enema with a barium solution. The barium outlines the intestine on the x-rays. Areas blocked by cancer may show up on the x-rays.
Colonoscopy: Your doctor inserts a long, lighted tube into the rectum and colon. This exam can help tell if cancer has spread to the colon or rectum.
These are the stages of ovarian cancer:
Stage I: Cancer cells are found in one or both ovaries. Cancer cells may be found on the surface of the ovaries or in fluid collected from the abdomen.
Stage II: Cancer cells have spread from one or both ovaries to other tissues in the pelvis. Cancer cells are found on the fallopian tubes, the uterus, or other tissues in the pelvis. Cancer cells may be found in fluid collected from the abdomen.
Stage III: Cancer cells have spread to tissues outside the pelvis or to the regional lymph nodes. Cancer cells may be found on the outside of the liver.
Stage IV: Cancer cells have spread to tissues outside the abdomen and pelvis. Cancer cells may be found inside the liver, in the lungs, or in other organs
ovarian cysts:types,symptoms&treatment
Types
Functional cysts:Some, called functional cysts, or simple cysts, are part of the normal process of menstruation. They have nothing to do with disease, and can be treated. There are 3 types, Graafian, Luteal, and Hemorrhagic. These types of cysts occur during ovulation. If the egg is not released, the ovary can fill up with fluid. Usually these types of cysts will go away after a few period cycles.
Graafian follicle cyst:
Main article: Follicular cyst of ovary
One type of simple cyst, which is the most common type of ovarian cyst, is the graafian follicle cyst, or follicular cyst.
Corpus luteum cyst:
Main article: Corpus luteum cyst
Another is a corpus luteum cyst (which may rupture about the time of menstruation, and take up to three months to disappear entirely).
Hemorrhagic cyst:
A third type of functional cyst, which is common, is a Hemorrhagic cyst, which is also called a blood cyst, hematocele, and hematocyst. It occurs when a very small blood vessel in the wall of the cyst breaks, and the blood enters the cyst. Abdominal pain on one side of the body, often the right side, may be present. The bleeding may occur quickly, and rapidly stretch the covering of the ovary, causing pain. As the blood collects within the ovary, clots form which can be seen on a sonogram.Occasionally hemorrhagic cysts can rupture, with blood entering the abdominal cavity. No blood is seen out of the vagina. If a cyst ruptures, it is usually very painful. Hemorrhagic cysts that rupture are less common. Most hemorrhagic cysts are self-limiting; some need surgical intervention. Even if a hemorrhagic cyst ruptures, in many cases it resolves without surgery. Patients who don't require surgery will experience pain for 4 - 10 days after, and may require several days rest. Studies have found that women on tetracycline antibiotics recover 25% earlier than the majority of patients, a surprising correlation found in 2004. Sometimes surgery is necessary. such as a laparoscopy ("belly-button surgery" that uses small tools inserted through one or more tiny slits in the abdomen).
dermoid cyst:
Main article: Dermoid cyst
Endometrioid cyst:
Main article: Chocolate cyst of ovary
An endometrioma, endometrioid cyst, endometrial cyst, or chocolate cyst is caused by endometriosis, and formed when a tiny patch of endometrial tissue (the mucous membrane that makes up the inner layer of the uterine wall) bleeds, sloughs off, becomes transplanted, and grows and enlarges inside the ovaries.
Pathological cysts:
The incidence of ovarian carcinoma (malignant cancer) is approximately 15 cases per 100,000 women per year.
Other cysts are pathological, such as those found in polycystic ovary syndrome, or those associated with tumors.
A polycystic-appearing ovary is diagnosed based on its enlarged size — usually twice normal —with small cysts present around the outside of the ovary. It can be found in "normal" women, and in women with endocrine disorders. An ultrasound is used to view the ovary in diagnosing the condition. Polycystic-appearing ovary is different from the polycystic ovarian syndrome, which includes other symptoms in addition to the presence of ovarian cysts, and involves metabolic and cardiovascular risks linked to insulin resistance. These risks include increased glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with infertility, abnormal bleeding, increased incidences of pregnancy loss, and pregnancy-related complications. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is extremely common, is thought to occur in 4-7% of women of reproductive age, and is associated with an increased risk for endometrial cancer. More tests than an ultrasound alone are required to diagnose polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Symptoms:
Some or all of the following symptoms may be present, though it is possible not to experience any symptoms:
Dull aching, or severe, sudden, and sharp pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen (one or both sides), pelvis, vagina, lower back, or thighs; pain may be constant or intermittent -- this is the most common symptom
Fullness, heaviness, pressure, swelling, or bloating in the abdomen
Breast tenderness
Pain during or shortly after beginning or end of menstrual period.
Irregular periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding or spotting
Change in frequency or ease of urination (such as inability to fully empty the bladder), or difficulty with bowel movements due to pressure on adjacent pelvic anatomy
Weight gain
Nausea or vomiting
Fatigue
Infertility
Increased level of hair growth
Increased facial hair or body hair
Headaches
Strange pains in ribs, which feel muscular
Bloating
Strange nodules that feel like bruises under the layer of skin
Treatment:
About 95% of ovarian cysts are benign, meaning they are not cancerous.
Treatment for cysts depends on the size of the cyst and symptoms. For small, asymptomatic cysts, the wait and see approach with regular check-ups will most likely be recommended.
Pain caused by ovarian cysts may be treated with:
pain relievers, including acetaminophen (Tylenol), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), or narcotic pain medicine (by prescription) may help reduce pelvic pain.NSAIDs usually work best when taken at the first signs of the pain.
a warm bath, or heating pad, or hot water bottle applied to the lower abdomen near the ovaries can relax tense muscles and relieve cramping, lessen discomfort, and stimulate circulation and healing in the ovaries.Bags of ice covered with towels can be used alternately as cold treatments to increase local circulation.
combined methods of hormonal contraception such as the combined oral contraceptive pill -- the hormones in the pills may regulate the menstrual cycle, prevent the formation of follicles that can turn into cysts, and possibly shrink an existing cyst. (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1999c; Mayo Clinic, 2002e)
Also, limiting strenuous activity may reduce the risk of cyst rupture or torsion.
Cysts that persist beyond two or three menstrual cycles, or occur in post-menopausal women, may indicate more serious disease and should be investigated through ultrasonography and laparoscopy, especially in cases where family members have had ovarian cancer. Such cysts may require surgical biopsy. Additionally, a blood test may be taken before surgery to check for elevated CA-125, a tumor marker, which is often found in increased levels in ovarian cancer, although it can also be elevated by other conditions resulting in a large number of false positives.
For more serious cases where cysts are large and persisting, doctors may suggest surgery. Some surgeries can be performed to successfully remove the cyst(s) without hurting the ovaries, while others may require removal of one or both ovaries.
Functional cysts:Some, called functional cysts, or simple cysts, are part of the normal process of menstruation. They have nothing to do with disease, and can be treated. There are 3 types, Graafian, Luteal, and Hemorrhagic. These types of cysts occur during ovulation. If the egg is not released, the ovary can fill up with fluid. Usually these types of cysts will go away after a few period cycles.
Graafian follicle cyst:
Main article: Follicular cyst of ovary
One type of simple cyst, which is the most common type of ovarian cyst, is the graafian follicle cyst, or follicular cyst.
Corpus luteum cyst:
Main article: Corpus luteum cyst
Another is a corpus luteum cyst (which may rupture about the time of menstruation, and take up to three months to disappear entirely).
Hemorrhagic cyst:
A third type of functional cyst, which is common, is a Hemorrhagic cyst, which is also called a blood cyst, hematocele, and hematocyst. It occurs when a very small blood vessel in the wall of the cyst breaks, and the blood enters the cyst. Abdominal pain on one side of the body, often the right side, may be present. The bleeding may occur quickly, and rapidly stretch the covering of the ovary, causing pain. As the blood collects within the ovary, clots form which can be seen on a sonogram.Occasionally hemorrhagic cysts can rupture, with blood entering the abdominal cavity. No blood is seen out of the vagina. If a cyst ruptures, it is usually very painful. Hemorrhagic cysts that rupture are less common. Most hemorrhagic cysts are self-limiting; some need surgical intervention. Even if a hemorrhagic cyst ruptures, in many cases it resolves without surgery. Patients who don't require surgery will experience pain for 4 - 10 days after, and may require several days rest. Studies have found that women on tetracycline antibiotics recover 25% earlier than the majority of patients, a surprising correlation found in 2004. Sometimes surgery is necessary. such as a laparoscopy ("belly-button surgery" that uses small tools inserted through one or more tiny slits in the abdomen).
dermoid cyst:
Main article: Dermoid cyst
Endometrioid cyst:
Main article: Chocolate cyst of ovary
An endometrioma, endometrioid cyst, endometrial cyst, or chocolate cyst is caused by endometriosis, and formed when a tiny patch of endometrial tissue (the mucous membrane that makes up the inner layer of the uterine wall) bleeds, sloughs off, becomes transplanted, and grows and enlarges inside the ovaries.
Pathological cysts:
The incidence of ovarian carcinoma (malignant cancer) is approximately 15 cases per 100,000 women per year.
Other cysts are pathological, such as those found in polycystic ovary syndrome, or those associated with tumors.
A polycystic-appearing ovary is diagnosed based on its enlarged size — usually twice normal —with small cysts present around the outside of the ovary. It can be found in "normal" women, and in women with endocrine disorders. An ultrasound is used to view the ovary in diagnosing the condition. Polycystic-appearing ovary is different from the polycystic ovarian syndrome, which includes other symptoms in addition to the presence of ovarian cysts, and involves metabolic and cardiovascular risks linked to insulin resistance. These risks include increased glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with infertility, abnormal bleeding, increased incidences of pregnancy loss, and pregnancy-related complications. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is extremely common, is thought to occur in 4-7% of women of reproductive age, and is associated with an increased risk for endometrial cancer. More tests than an ultrasound alone are required to diagnose polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Symptoms:
Some or all of the following symptoms may be present, though it is possible not to experience any symptoms:
Dull aching, or severe, sudden, and sharp pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen (one or both sides), pelvis, vagina, lower back, or thighs; pain may be constant or intermittent -- this is the most common symptom
Fullness, heaviness, pressure, swelling, or bloating in the abdomen
Breast tenderness
Pain during or shortly after beginning or end of menstrual period.
Irregular periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding or spotting
Change in frequency or ease of urination (such as inability to fully empty the bladder), or difficulty with bowel movements due to pressure on adjacent pelvic anatomy
Weight gain
Nausea or vomiting
Fatigue
Infertility
Increased level of hair growth
Increased facial hair or body hair
Headaches
Strange pains in ribs, which feel muscular
Bloating
Strange nodules that feel like bruises under the layer of skin
Treatment:
About 95% of ovarian cysts are benign, meaning they are not cancerous.
Treatment for cysts depends on the size of the cyst and symptoms. For small, asymptomatic cysts, the wait and see approach with regular check-ups will most likely be recommended.
Pain caused by ovarian cysts may be treated with:
pain relievers, including acetaminophen (Tylenol), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), or narcotic pain medicine (by prescription) may help reduce pelvic pain.NSAIDs usually work best when taken at the first signs of the pain.
a warm bath, or heating pad, or hot water bottle applied to the lower abdomen near the ovaries can relax tense muscles and relieve cramping, lessen discomfort, and stimulate circulation and healing in the ovaries.Bags of ice covered with towels can be used alternately as cold treatments to increase local circulation.
combined methods of hormonal contraception such as the combined oral contraceptive pill -- the hormones in the pills may regulate the menstrual cycle, prevent the formation of follicles that can turn into cysts, and possibly shrink an existing cyst. (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1999c; Mayo Clinic, 2002e)
Also, limiting strenuous activity may reduce the risk of cyst rupture or torsion.
Cysts that persist beyond two or three menstrual cycles, or occur in post-menopausal women, may indicate more serious disease and should be investigated through ultrasonography and laparoscopy, especially in cases where family members have had ovarian cancer. Such cysts may require surgical biopsy. Additionally, a blood test may be taken before surgery to check for elevated CA-125, a tumor marker, which is often found in increased levels in ovarian cancer, although it can also be elevated by other conditions resulting in a large number of false positives.
For more serious cases where cysts are large and persisting, doctors may suggest surgery. Some surgeries can be performed to successfully remove the cyst(s) without hurting the ovaries, while others may require removal of one or both ovaries.
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